Assorted References
- coins and coinage
- education
- flag history
- government archives
- In archives
agriculture
- ancient Indus civilization
art, archaeology, and architecture
- folk arts
- Islamic literature
- jewelry
- Mohenjo-daro
- In Mohenjo-daro
- South Asian people
- theatre
communications
- postal system
- publishing
constitution and law
- criminal law
customs and traditions
- dress
language
- English language
- Sindhi language
- Urdu language
military affairs
- intelligence
- nuclear strategy
- nuclear weapons
physical geography
- Himalayas
- In Himalayas
- Hindu Kush Mountains
- Indian Ocean
- Indus River
- In Indus River
- Jhelum River
- In Jhelum River
- Karakoram Range
- monsoon season
- Thar Desert
- In Thar Desert
population and demography
social issues
- land reform
sports and recreation
- cricket
- falconry
Additional Reading
Geography
B.L.C. JOHNSON, Pakistan (1979); and PETER R. BLOOD (ed.), Pakistan: A Country Study, 6th ed. (1995), are useful introductions to the people and land of Pakistan. Geography is discussed in O.H.K. SPATE and A.T.A. LEARMONTH, India and Pakistan: A General and Regional Geography, 3rd ed. rev. (1967, reissued 1972); K.U. KURESHY, A Geography of Pakistan, 4th ed. (1977); and ISRAR UD-DIN (ed.), Studies in Pakistan Geography (1998), a selection of essays from the Pakistan Journal of Geography. ALOYS ARTHUR MICHEL, The Indus Rivers: A Study of the Effects of Partition (1967), is concerned with development and with the dispute with India over allocation of river waters.
Works on social issues include IAN TALBOT, Divided Cities: Partition and Its Aftermath in Lahore and Amritsar, 1947–1957 (2006); SARAH F.D. ANSARI, Life After Partition: Migration, Community, and Strife in Sindh (2005), a study of ethnic conflict; JASODHARA BAGCHI and SUBHORANJAN DASGUPTA (eds.), The Trauma and the Triumph: Gender and Partition in Eastern India (2003), on the human cost of independence; PAUL R. BRASS, The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India (2003), on the genesis and causes of communal violence; ANDERS BJØRN HANSEN, Partition and Genocide: Manifestations of Violence in the Punjab, 1937–1947 (2002); and MUSHIRUL HASAN (ed.), Inventing Boundaries: Gender, Politics, and the Partition of India (2000), a critical analysis of the division of British India.
J. RUSSELL ANDRUS and AZIZALI F. MOHAMMED, The Economy of Pakistan (1958), and Trade, Finance, and Development in Pakistan (1966), analyze the development of the economy. GUSTAV F. PAPANEK, Pakistan’s Development: Social Goals and Private Incentives (1967), analyzes the role played by private entrepreneurs during the period of Ayub Khan. SHAHID JAVED BURKI, Pakistan Under Bhutto, 1971–1977, 2nd ed. (1988), analyzes economic developments, in particular the motives that led to the nationalization of private assets, and his Pakistan: Fifty Years of Nationhood, 3rd ed. (1999), is a broader overview of the country’s first half century. OMAR NOMAN, The Political Economy of Pakistan, 1947–85 (1988), describes the impact of politics on the economy. SHAHID JAVED BURKI and ROBERT LAPORTE, JR., Pakistan’s Development Priorities: Choices for the Future (1984), presents an agenda for reform of the economy. ALAIN LEFEBRE, Kinship, Honour, and Money in Rural Pakistan (1999), discusses the subsistence economy and the effects of international migration.
W. CANTWELL SMITH, Modern Islam in India: A Social Analysis, 2nd ed. (1946, reissued 1974), is an introductory account of the Muslim intellectual and political movements that culminated in the creation of Pakistan. SHAHID JAVED BURKI, Pakistan: A Nation in the Making (1986), surveys Pakistan’s evolution as a country. ANWAR HUSSAIN SYED, Pakistan: Islam, Politics, and National Solidarity (1982), is a thoughtful discussion. LAWRENCE ZIRING, Pakistan: The Enigma of Political Development (1980), is a study of Pakistan’s failure in its quest for a workable constitution. G.W. CHOUDHURY, Constitutional Development in Pakistan, 2nd ed. rev. and enlarged (1969), and Democracy in Pakistan (1963), are oriented toward the “Muslim League” point of view; whereas TARIQ ALI, Pakistan: Military Rule or People’s Power? (1970), offers a left-wing analysis. MEHTAB ALI SHAH, The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy (1997), offers a view of Pakistan’s foreign policy from different regions of the country. ANWAR S. DIL (ed.), Perspectives on Pakistan (1965), contains essays by Pakistani scholars. AKBAR S. AHMED, Pakistan Society: Islam, Ethnicity, and Leadership in South Asia (1986), is a collection of essays. STANLEY MARON (ed.), Pakistan: Society and Culture (1957), contains essays on history and rural social organization. FREDRIK BARTH, Political Leadership Among Swat Pathans (1959, reissued with corrections, 1980), is a classic study in political anthropology. HAMIDA KHUHRO, Mohammed Ayub Khuhro: A Life of Courage in Politics (1998), is a thorough biography of Pakistan’s first important Sindhi politician. PERVEZ MUSHARRAF, In the Line of Fire: A Memoir (2006); and BENAZIR BHUTTO, Reconciliation: Islam, Democracy, and the West (2008), offer personal thoughts about Pakistani politics.
In celebration of Pakistan’s Golden Jubilee in 1997, Oxford University Press published The Jubilee Series, which includes 22 volumes covering Pakistani life, among them H.V. HODSON, The Great Divide (1985, reissued 1997), a historical account of partition; and AKBAR AHMED, Jinnah and the Story of Pakistan (1997), another historical rendering of Pakistan’s founding father. Two studies, SHAISTA IKRAMULLAH et al., Common Heritage (1998), by a variety of authors; and IFTIKHAR H. MALIK, Culture and Customs of Pakistan (2005), examine Pakistan’s cultural diversity. KARIN MITTMAN and ZAFAR IHSAN, Culture Shock! Pakistan (1991, reprinted 2003), is also useful.
LAWRENCE ZIRING, Pakistan in the Twentieth Century (1997), is a detailed account of Pakistan’s political history; OMAR NOMAN, Economic and Social Progress in Asia: Why Pakistan Did Not Become a Tiger (1998), examines the obstacles and pitfalls in Pakistan’s development; SHAISTA SUHRAWARDY IKRAMULLAH, From Purdah to Parliament, rev. and expanded (1998), studies women in Pakistani politics. ZULFIKAR KHALID MALUKA, The Myth of Constitutionalism in Pakistan (1995); and LAWRENCE ZIRING, Pakistan: The Enigma of Political Development (1980), discuss the quest by Pakistan’s people for democracy and strong leadership. PERVAIZ IQBAL CHEEMA, The Armed Forces of Pakistan (2002), focuses on the military’s involvement in the country’s political life; and HUSAIN HAQQANI, Between Mosque and Military (2005), examines the influence of extreme Islam on Pakistan.
History
STEPHEN P. COHEN, The Idea of Pakistan (2004), is a review of the central issues challenging the country. KHALID B. SAYEED, Pakistan: The Formative Phase, 1857–1948, 2nd ed. (1968, reissued 1992), discusses the historical background, and his The Political System of Pakistan (1967) is also useful. HUGH TINKER, Experiment with Freedom: India and Pakistan, 1947 (1967), analyzes the pressures that led to partition. LEONARD BINDER, Religion and Politics in Pakistan (1961), describes early problems. HERBERT FELDMAN, From Crisis to Crisis: Pakistan, 1962–1969 (1972), is a shrewd observation of the political game. MUSHTAQ AHMAD, Government and Politics in Pakistan, 3rd ed. (1970), examines the political system at the end of the Ayub era. D.K. PALIT, The Lightning Campaign: The Indo-Pakistan War, 1971 (1972), is an account by a scholarly Indian general. MUSHTAQ AHMAD, Pakistan’s Foreign Policy (1968), describes the country in the American orbit. VIQAR AHMED and RASHID AMJAD, The Management of Pakistan’s Economy, 1947–82 (1984), profiles the evolution of a dependent economy.
ANTHONY HYMAN, MUHAMMAD GHAYUR, and NARESH KAUSHKI, Pakistan: Zia and After (1989), is instant history but nonetheless perceptive. The most complete story of the Ayub years is ALTAF GAUHAR, Ayub Khan: Pakistan’s First Military Ruler (1993). HASAN ZAHEER, The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case, 1951 (1998), discusses the first coup attempt in Pakistan. INAYATULLAH, Pakistan Politics (1993), provides a personal account by an old Pakistani civil servant. AYESHA JALAL, The State of Martial Rule (1990), gives information on the origins of Pakistan’s political economy of defense. The Kashmir dispute is well examined in ALASTAIR LAMB, Birth of a Tragedy (1994). LAWRENCE ZIRING, Pakistan in the Twentieth Century (1997), discusses key personalities in Pakistani government, and his Pakistan: At the Crosscurrent of History (2003), examines the clash between the secular and Islamic states.
Lawrence ZiringArticle Contributors
Primary Contributors
- Shahid Javed BurkiDirector, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, D.C. Author of Pakistan Under Bhutto and others.
- Lawrence ZiringArnold E. Schneider Professor Emeritus of Political Science, Western Michigan University. Author of Pakistan in the Twentieth Century: A Political History and Pakistan: At the Crosscurrent of History. Coauthor of The United Nations: International Organization and World Politics.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Other Contributors
- Mujeeb Ludin
- Parvez Qadir
- Nadir Rahman
- Qasim ilyasQasim Ahmad Ilyas
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Contributor | Date | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Updated currency exchange rate. | Mar 11, 2022 | ||
| In the History section, added mention of Pakistan's reaction to the Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan in 2021. | Oct 14, 2021 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Mar 29, 2021 | ||
| Invalidated site: Science Kids - Fun Science and Technology for Kids! - Pakistan Facts for Kids. | Mar 10, 2021 | ||
| In the History section, updated the discussion of Imran Khan's premiership. | Apr 24, 2019 | ||
| In the History section, added mention of the February 2019 skirmish with India. | Mar 11, 2019 | ||
| In the History section, added discussion of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and of Imran Khan's first several months as prime minister. | Jan 23, 2019 | ||
| In the People section, revised discussion of the historical Hindu community in Pakistan. | Dec 11, 2018 | ||
| In the People section, media added. | Oct 31, 2018 | ||
| In the People section, updated the discussion of demographic trends. | Oct 31, 2018 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated to reflect that Arif Alvi is president. | Sep 11, 2018 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated to reflect that Imran Khan is prime minister. | Aug 20, 2018 | ||
| In the Cultural life section, revised the discussion of purdah practice. | Aug 02, 2018 | ||
| In the History section, updated to mention the outcome of the 2018 election. | Jul 27, 2018 | ||
| In the History section, updated to mention Nawaz Sharif's third term and subsequent corruption charges. | Jul 20, 2018 | ||
| Country Profile: Expanded country profile. | Jun 29, 2018 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated head of government. | Jun 05, 2018 | ||
| Add new Web site: Aljazeera - Pakistan: a political timeline. | Feb 08, 2018 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated head of government. | Aug 24, 2017 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated official language. | Aug 24, 2017 | ||
| In the People section, updated demographic information. | Aug 17, 2017 | ||
| In Economy section, updated list of Pakistan's trading partners. | Aug 17, 2017 | ||
| In Economy section, added data chart. | Aug 17, 2017 | ||
| In the People section, updated data charts. | Aug 17, 2017 | ||
| Deleted photograph. | May 18, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Science Kids - Fun Science and Technology for Kids! - Pakistan Facts for Kids. | Dec 06, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: Easy Science for Kids - Pakistan. | Dec 06, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: World InfoZone - Pakistan Facts. | Dec 06, 2016 | ||
| In introduction, revised to mention cultural ties to Afghanistan and Iran. |
| Jun 03, 2016 | |
| Added locator map to the Introduction. | May 07, 2016 | ||
| Revised to mention that since 2012 Gwadar's port has been managed by a state-owned Chinese firm. | Mar 06, 2015 | ||
| In the People section, added a cross-reference to the article "Siraiki language," added a brief paragraph on Siraiki, and made other changes. |
| Jan 21, 2015 | |
| Country Profile: Country profile: Updated head of state. | Sep 17, 2013 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated head of government. | Jun 05, 2013 | ||
| In History section, updated to mention that the PML-N won the largest number of seats in legislative elections in May 2013. | May 14, 2013 | ||
| Added mention of U.S. drone strikes in Pakistan. | May 09, 2013 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated head of government. | Apr 17, 2013 | ||
| Country Profile: Footnote revised for official language. | Mar 05, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Foreign and Commonwealth Office - Pakistan. | Jan 24, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Maps of World - Pakistan. | Jan 24, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: globalEDGE - Pakistan. | Jan 24, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Jewish Virtual Library - Pakistan. | Jan 10, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Maps of World - Pakistan. | Jan 10, 2013 | ||
| Country Profile: In Country Profile, updated number of seats in the Senate. | Jul 20, 2012 | ||
| Country Profile: In Country Profile, added Raja Ashraf as prime minister. | Jun 22, 2012 | ||
| Country Profile: Added footnote mentioning that Yousaf Raza Gilani was disqualified from serving as prime minister by the Supreme Court on June 19, 2012. | Jun 19, 2012 | ||
| Changed "North-West Frontier Province" to "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." | Mar 28, 2012 | ||
| Changed "North-West Frontier Province" to "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." | Mar 28, 2012 | ||
| Country Profile: Added name of head of state and head of government, along with urban-rural, life expectancy, literacy, and GNI per capita statistics. | Feb 23, 2012 | ||
| Updated to mention that Osama bin Laden was killed by U.S. forces in Pakistan on May 2, 2011. | May 02, 2011 | ||
| Country Profile: Changed Official language. | Feb 08, 2011 | ||
| In History section, updated to mention the assassination of the governor of Punjab province, Salman Taseer. | Jan 07, 2011 | ||
| National anthem added. | Dec 21, 2010 | ||
| In History section, added map showing areas affected by flooding in 2010. | Dec 01, 2010 | ||
| In the Geography section, corrected location of Sindh Sagar Doab, between the Indus and Jhelum Rivers. | Nov 04, 2010 | ||
| Changed "North-West Frontier Province" to "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." |
| Oct 29, 2010 | |
| Updated to detail the devastating floods that began in July 2010. | Aug 17, 2010 | ||
| Revised to remove information on computers and Internet use that is already covered in the Transporation and telecommunications section. Removed diacritics from "qawwali." | Mar 17, 2010 | ||
| Revised Economy section to include changes in Internet and PC access in Pakistan throughout the 2000s. |
| Mar 12, 2010 | |
| Country Profile: Updated area and population figures. | Feb 16, 2010 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated Official name; Updated Chief of state; updated Form of government; updated Official language. | Nov 17, 2009 | ||
| Media added. | Oct 23, 2009 | ||
| Geologic time data updated. | Oct 06, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: National Geographic - Travel and Cultures - Pakistan. | Apr 21, 2009 | ||
| Updated to mention the return of Sharif's brother to his post. | Apr 13, 2009 | ||
| Updated to mention the reinstatement of the Supreme Court judges dismissed under Musharraf. | Mar 18, 2009 | ||
| Updated text to mention Supreme Court's decision to uphold the ban on Nawaz Sharif holding political office. | Feb 27, 2009 | ||
| Updated text to note limited trade between Pakistani and Indian portions of Kashmir. | Oct 22, 2008 | ||
| Updated to reflect Zardari's election as president. | Sep 09, 2008 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Aug 25, 2008 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Aug 19, 2008 | ||
| Media added. | Jul 30, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Commonwealth Secretariat - Pakistan. | Jun 10, 2008 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | May 28, 2008 | ||
| Political and social fragmentation updated. | May 28, 2008 | ||
| Early republic section updated. | May 28, 2008 | ||
| Bibliography revised and updated. | May 28, 2008 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Dec 18, 2007 | ||
| Early history updated. | Dec 18, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: Lonely Planet - Pakistan. | Jan 19, 2007 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Dec 14, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Government of Pakistan - Statistics Division. | Dec 05, 2006 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Nov 21, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: The United Nations in Pakistan. | Oct 16, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Library of Congress - Pakistan - Selected Internet Resources. | Aug 08, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Pakistan. | Jul 24, 2006 | ||
| Article revised. | May 31, 2002 | ||
| Article revised. | May 29, 2002 | ||
| Article revised. | Nov 10, 2000 | ||
| Article revised. | Mar 10, 2000 | ||
| Article added to new online database. |